What did doctors use for surgerys?

If a leg or arm was seriously bleeding, the only know way to stop it was to cauterize the stump with a piece of red hot metal. Midwives would use similar methods for delivering babies. Unknowing about germ-disease theory, Barber-Surgeons and Midwives did not clean surgical equipment. Another disease curing method was to find a supposed person using witchcraft to make a person sick. These people were called Cunning men/women. After "finding" the "witchcraft" user Cunning men/women would try and cast their own spell to heal the person and counteract the disease causing spell or give herbal remedies. On battlefields, doctors used strong iron pinchers to remove spear tips and barbed arrow-heads. Broken bones were set to heal with splints (strips of wood). To treat madness and severe headaches holes were drilled into the skull. This method was called trepanning. Doctors inspected urine samples. They claimed this helped diagnosing illnesses.